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Octyabr (1927) Review

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Octyabr (1927) Director: Sergei Eisenstein, Grigori Aleksandrov

★★★★☆

The influence of propaganda films has vexed me to no end, and few were able to make propaganda films like the Soviets! Based on the novel of the same name by John Reed (an American Soviet sympathizer), Sergei Eisenstein was commissioned by the Soviet government to commemorate the 10th anniversary of the Bolshevik revolution in English. Like his other films, Octyabr is a masterful experiment in montage from Sergei Eisenstein. This film was not as large an international success as The Battleship Potemkin, and for good reason, though it is still a wonderfully innovative movie.

Octyabr is a highly dramatized and, at times, glamorous portrayal of the October communist revolution that took over Russia in 1917. It moves through the February revolution in 1917 which established a provisional government in Russia, only to find it insufficient as people still remained hungry in the streets. Lenin arrives amidst roaring cheers from the crowds. The provisional government decides to take action against the Bolsheviks which spawns a vote to revolt by Lenin and the Bolsheviks. They ’empower’ the workers with weapons and the film concludes with a final dramatic infiltration of the Winter Palace and take control, offering peace and reconciliation, and they announce a new government.

Stachka (Strike) (1925) Review

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Stachka (1925) Director: Sergei Eisenstein

★★★☆☆

Stachka (Strike) is the first feature film of master Soviet propagandist, Sergei Eisenstein. The Battleship Potemkin, his masterpiece, was made later that year in 1924-1925. After production for Stachka was complete, Eisenstein wrote an influential essay called “Montage Of Attractions” that appeared in a Soviet journal. In the essay, he argued for the montage style of film, which elicits emotional reactions from audiences as shown in the closing scenes of this film as a strike is put down and the camera quickly cuts between scenes of workers being oppressed inter-spliced with animals being brought to the slaughter. Montage became a key and influential style of film theory, used by many later propaganda films. In doing so, Eisenstein attempted to harmonize the commodified “attraction” (a.k.a. the film) with Marxist dialectical thought. The key to style concerned the intense feelings of pity and sympathy aroused in the audience, thus grounding viewers in a revolutionary mindset.

At any rate, “Strike” details a 1903 factory strike in pre-Leninist Russia. It has six parts. One worker is wrongly accused of theft, and in frustration with the greedy management of the factory, he kills himself. This ultimately sparks an uproar among the workers, and they revolt against the fat and greedy, cigar-smoking capitalist owners. The chaos of the revolution continues throughout the film, until ultimately the military is called in. They trample Russian commoners on their way to the factory as they chase all the workers out into the middle of a field and shoot them all, while scenes of a cow being slaughtered are displayed in a montage, comparing ordinary workers to slaughtered chattel.

In the end, Eisenstein intended for the audience to sympathize strongly with the plight of the workers. They are the tragic heroes of the film. Eisenstein, himself, called the film awkward and somewhat amateur as his first foray into film-making. The Battleship Potemkin is clearly the superior film, but Strike is nevertheless a fascinating glimpse into Soviet collectivist and montage film theory.

The Battleship Potemkin (1925) Review

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12/13/14

Battleship Potemkin (1925) Director: Sergei M. Eisenstein

Vintage_Potemkin

★★★★★

Sergei Eisenstein’s Battleship Potemkin is one of the great propaganda films of all time. After the success of Strike (1925), which glamorously depicted striking Russian workers in 1903, the Soviet government commissioned Eisenstein to commemorate the Soviet uprising of 1905, as well. Eisenstein used this opportunity as a testing ground for his new theories of motion picture “montage” editing. The film was a shock around the world, for its graphic depictions of violence, eliciting an intense emotional response from audiences. Joseph Goebbels, Propaganda Minister for the Nazis, called the film a “marvelous film without equal in the cinema… anyone who had no firm political conviction could become a Bolshevik after seeing the film.” The famous scene at the end depicts a massacre on the steps of Odessa, even though this event never actually occurred. The goal with this film was never to achieve historical accuracy, but rather to elicit an emotional response in its audience. This ending has since become one of the most iconic scenes in the history of cinema for its experimental use of montage. Despite being a silent film, and in order to retain the film’s vivacity, Eisenstein hoped a new score would be rewritten every 20 years.

Though it is blatant Soviet propaganda, Battleship Potemkin is one of the great films of the 1920s and is quite possibly the Soviet Union’s greatest silent film, along with Vertov’s experimental Man With Movie Camera (1929). The film premiered at the Bolshoi Theatre in December 1925 and was released in Moscow in January 1926. Propaganda posters touted the film as “the pride of Soviet cinema” with over 300,000 admissions in the first three weeks.

ACT I: People and Worms

The setting is June 1905. Two sailors, Matyushenko and Vakulinchuk, are taken in by the revolutionary spirit against the Tsarist regime unfolding across Russia. A clumsy officer beats a sailor for accidentally tripping over him. This causes Vakulincheck to rally the crew in support of a revolution.

The next morning, the crew complains about the food –the meat is covered in worms. The captain comes to inspect the meat but the captain says they are maggots and should just be washed off prior to eating. The sailors refuse to eat it, and instead they simply eat bread and water. One sailor, while cleaning the mess hall, reads an inscription on a plate: “give us this day our daily bread.”

ACT II: Drama on the Deck

The men who refused to eat the meat are brought to the front of the deck and are given their last rights by an Eastern Orthodox clergyman. A blanket is thrown over them and the First Officer orders a firing squad against the men. But at the last second, with the suspense building, another sailor reminds them of their brothers. This spurs the revolution onward and the sailors attack the officers and kill them. Next they slaughter the ship’s priest and throw the doctor into the ocean.

ACT III: The Dead Man Calls Out

The mutiny is a success, despite the death of its leader Vakulincuk. The Potemkin arrives at Odessa and Vakulincuk’s body is put on display along the shoreline to remind the people of the evils of the Tsarist regime. A sign on his shirt reads: “Dead for a spoonful of soup.” The people of Odessa gently and peacefully welcome the rebellious Potemkin as it waves a giant red flag, colored onto the film for effect.

ACT IV: The Odessa Steps

Still-from-Battleship-Pot-001

The Cossacks of the Tsar retaliate and march on the unarmed crowds. They gun down defenseless men, women, and children in one of the most brutally famous and recreated scenes in cinematic history. The soldiers are portrayed as inflexible, operating as one unit. The audience only ever sees their boots marching in perfect rhythm, but the crowd of citizens fall to their deaths in all manner of diverse and uncomfortable ways. The sailors on the Potemkin receive word that a Tsarist fleet is headed for the harbor to quell the rebellion.

ACT V: One Against All

The sailors of the Potemkin decide to charge out and meet the Tsarist fleet head on. An intense crescendo to their confrontation which lasts for what seems like an eternity – time feels extended to the audience. Incredibly, at the last moment, the Tsarist fleet announces they will actually join the rebellious crew of the Potemkin and together they wave the red flag. The film ends in elation and celebration at the coming of a communist liberation.