Star Wars (Episode IV: A New Hope) (1977) Director: George Lucas
“A long time ago in a galaxy far, far away…”
★★★★★
Inspired by the pulp fiction tales and comic book heroes of yesteryear (like Flash Gordon and Buck Rogers), in the mid-1970s a rising young director named George Lucas set out to make the quintessential space opera of our time. Previously, Lucas had directed a bleak dystopian science fiction film called THX 1138, and now he wanted to make a more uplifting space fantasy using the mythological archetypes as examined in Joseph Campbell’s The Hero With A Thousand Faces. Lucas drew inspiration from other classical works in the vein of Arthurian legend –he envisioned an expansive atmospheric epic film with knights, emperors, swords, princesses, and high adventure. When Lucas couldn’t acquire the rights to Flash Gordon (per his friend Francis Ford Coppola) he became depressed and simply decided to create his own epic hero story. He built upon highly-regarded samurai films, chivalrous romances, pulp fiction, science fiction serials, and even from the Nixonian political climate of the 1970s. Lucas initially signed a two-picture deal with United Artists, however Star Wars was later rejected by UA and Universal Pictures ultimately picked up George Lucas and his project. First, Lucas made a semi-autobiographical film American Graffiti (1973), before he began work on his far-fetched B-movie idea which was to eventually become Star Wars. The idea bounced around various studios before it landed with Alan Ladd Jr. at 20th Century Fox. Ladd wasn’t particularly crazy about the idea but he believed in George Lucas and his passion for the project. Thus, an agreement was signed. As part of the deal, Lucas secured the creative rights to any future sequels as well as merchandising rights (this would later become one of the most lucrative deals in Hollywood history). At the time, Lucas was considered a fool for accepting such a low salary in exchange for full merchandising rights.
The early story for Star Wars was called “Journal of the Whills” and it was about the training of an apprentice called CJ Thorpe (a “Jedi-Bendu”) under the tutelage of a legendary hero named Mace Windy. Lucas was fascinated by the idea that the Whills were supernatural, spiritual beings. When this story became far too complex, George Lucas started work on “The Star Wars” which drew great inspiration from Kurosawa’s 1958 film called The Hidden Fortress —he based the idea for the Jedi on jidaigeki, a term referenced in Japanese motion pictures. Lucas wrote and rewrote several drafts of the script before the film was ultimately approved on a modest budget –its approval was largely based on Lucas’s success with American Graffiti. Lucas began recruiting production staff, some of whom were selected as a result of their work on Stanley Kubrick’s 2001: A Space Odyssey. To produce the right effects, Lucas created his own production company called Industrial Light and Magic, which eventually became a division of LucasFilm. Despite having a strange idea for a film, the project managed to scoop up some amazing talent, like Harrison Ford and legendary actor Alex Guinness, as well as some relatively new faces like Mark Hamill and Carrie Fisher. The instantly recognizable voice of James Earl Jones was chosen to be the voice of Darth Vader (originally Orson Welles was considered for the part, but Lucas thought his voice was too recognizable).
Star Wars tells the classic fable of conflict between good and evil, “a long time ago in a galaxy far, far away…” The plot begins in the midst of a civil war. An alliance of rebels have covertly retrieved plans for a secret super-weapon possessed by the evil galactic empire. The weapon, known as the “Death Star,” has the capability of destroying entire planets. As the film opens, we see the scale of the conflict. A small rebel diplomatic ship called Tantive IV is chased by a massive Imperial star destroyer (an allusion to Kubrick’s 2001: A Space Odyssey). The ship is captured as Princess Leia of Alderaan (Carrie Fisher) hides secretly transmitted plans inside a droid called R2-D2 (Lucas got the name from the set of American Graffiti as the acronym for “Reel 2, Dialog Track 2,” and the droid was played by Kenny Baker). Shortly thereafter the princess is captured and R2-D2 narrowly manages to escape the ship in a pod with his quixotic companion C-3PO (played by Anthony Daniels and inspired by the robots in Fritz Lang’s Metropolis). The droids jettison down to a remote desert desert planet called Tatooine. Amusingly, R2-D2 was originally intended to be a foul-mouthed droid, this was later revised but many of C-3PO’S responses were left in the film. The Empire infamously traces the escape pod but allows it to get away because there are no life-forms aboard, they make the faulty assumption that the pod must have simply short-circuited (this little moment has been debated by fans for years –is it an all-too-convenient plot-hole?). R2-D2 and C-3PO crash-land in the dusty sands of Tatooine (shot in remote parts of Tunisia, with many set pieces still sitting out in the sand dunes today), but both droids are quickly captured by a race of shifty desert scavengers known as Jawas before they wind up in the hands of a young boy named Luke Skywalker (Mark Hamill), a restless orphan-child who spends his days dreaming of adventures while performing chores for his Uncle Owen and Aunt Beru at their “moisture farm.” One night, R2-D2 escapes the farm claiming he needs to deliver a message for an important mission. Luke chases after the droid, leading him to a wise old sage named “Ben Kenobi” whose real name is Obi-Wan Kenobi (Sir Alec Guinness). He is a former Jedi knight, a hero of the old republic prior to its downfall to the galactic empire. Luke learns that his father was once a powerful Jedi, as well, before being “killed” by a vicious Sith lord named Darth Vader (played by David Prowse, and voiced by James Earl Jones). Luke’s father was a pupil and friend of Obi-Wan Kenobi. Meanwhile back aboard Tantive IV, Darth Vader comes aboard. He quickly learns that the secret transmissions have been smuggled into a droid which fled down to the surface of Tatooine. Vader takes the princess hostage and sends squadrons of Nazi-esque stormtroopers in search of the droids on the planetary surface below.
Back in the remote desert at Obi-Wan’s hut, R2-D2 plays a holographic message for Obi-Wan which asks him to bring the secret plans of a new Imperial super-weapon to her royal family on the planet Alderaan. Obi-Wan listens and calmly understands what must be done. He invites Luke to join him on a quest across the galaxy, but he soon discovers that the Empire has tracked the droids to Tatooine and sadly they have already killed Luke’s Aunt and Uncle. With nowhere left to turn, a despondent Luke joins Obi-Wan, a teacher from whom he hopes to learn more about the ways of the “force” –a mystical elementary substance throughout the cosmos that binds all things together and can be harnessed by a true Jedi master. At any rate, they travel to the Mos Eisley port town on Tatooine in search of a transport ship which can take them to Alderaan. Mos Eisley is a town filled with bounty hunters and shady junk dealers, as well as Imperial stormtroopers searching for the escaped droids. There, they encounter a scoundrel pirate smuggler (a classic ccharacter archetype) named Han Solo (Harrison Ford). They offer to pay Han via Princess Leia if he and his Wookiee co-pilot, Chewbacca, will transport them to Alderaan aboard his ship called the Millennium Falcon. However, when they arrive at Alderaan, the Death Star has destroyed the whole planet (while the princess watches in agony as her home planet vanishes). The Falcon quickly gets trapped inside the Death Star’s tractor beam (“that’s no moon…”). Once the ship is confiscated, they hide aboard the Falcon beneath its floorboards while it is searched. Then, they don stormtrooper gear and enter the Death Star in disguise. Obi-Wan ventures alone onto the ship to covertly turn off the tractor beam so the Falcon can escape, meanwhile Luke discovers that the Princess has been imprisoned on the Death Star. With the promise of glory and riches, Luke, Han, and Chewbacca venture to the prison cell blocks incognito to rescue the princess. Meanwhile, Obi-Wan confronts his former pupil, Darth Vader, but at the last moment, Obi-Wan sacrifices himself as a distraction so his companions can return to the Falcon, (the lightsaber sound effect here was made using a combination of the hum of an idling 35mm movie projector and the feedback generated by passing a stripped microphone cable by a television). The Falcon flies to a hidden rebel base on a lush, green moon called Yavin IV. The plans inside the droid reveal a map of the super-weapon, the Death Star, and they point to a secret spot where the Death Star can be destroyed. So the rebel alliance bands together to attack the Death Star in a dramatic space battle, while Han collects his payment and departs much to Luke’s disappointment. In the ensuing fight (based on World War II aerial combat movies), Luke leads the X-Wing attack but Darth Vader is hot on his trail until Han arrives in an unexpected scene and he shoots Vader’s TIE fighter out of chase allowing Luke room to shoot and destroy the Death Star. Victorious, the rebels all return to Yavin IV and receive medals for their bravery in a moment of celebration as the movie ends in triumphant jubilation (many fans have questioned why Chewbacca does not receive a medal in this scene).
Filmed in a glorious age before the advent of CGI, the scenes of Tatooine were actually filmed in Tunisia, as well as certain segments in the California Central Valley. There are many amusing stories about the film’s shoot, such as a particular moment on set wherein George Lucas left a large Jawa sandcrawler near the border with Libya, a move which seemed to be a military provocation that only ended when the Libyan government respectfully asked Lucas to move the huge set piece away from the border. Also on their first day of shooting, the Tunisian desert saw its first major rainstorm in fifty years, causing many of the set pieces to be destroyed. The enormous skeleton that C-3PO passes in the desert belongs to a Tatooine creature called a Greater Krayt Dragon, according to fan lore. This artificial skeleton was actually left in the Tunisian desert after filming and it still lies there to this day. During the filming of Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones (2002), the skeleton was again visited by the crew, and in The Mandalorian series, a Krayt Dragon appears in the story leading locals on Tatooine join with Sand People to fight and kill one of these massive serpents. The scenes of the rebel base on Yavin IV were shot in Guatemala. Other filming took place in London and California (apparently, Carrie Fisher’s mother, Debbie Reynolds, phoned up George Lucas directly to complain that the actors were being flown around the world in coach). The pressure and budget of making such a grand film were incredibly stressful for Lucas, leading many of the film’s staff and actors to develop a game of trying to make Lucas laugh or smile behind-the-scenes. Some of the actors thought the film would be a bomb, due to its weird and confusing script with odd space characters like Wookiees, Jedis, Siths, and so on. Toward the end of filming, Mark Hamill got into a car accident that left his face scarred, preventing the crew from re-shooting any of his scenes. For the score (at the recommendation of his friend Steven Spielberg) Lucas hired John Williams, who had at the time completed the now famous score for Spielberg’s Jaws. It is an absolutely stunning, transportive score befitting of the film’s elevated themes.
There are a couple of interesting side characters in Star Wars such as Captain Antilles of Tantive IV who is killed by Darth Vader. There is also an unrelated fighter pilot named Wedge Antilles played by Denis Lawson whose name is spelled wrong in the credits and who is the uncle of Ewan McGregor who would eventually play a young Obi-Wan Kenobi in the prequel series. Some others include: Greedo, a bounty hunter chasing Han Solo in the infamous “Han Shot First” fan controversy scene in Mos Eisley, Grand Moff Tarkin played by Peter Cushing, and Biggs Darklighter a friend of Luke Skywalker on Tatooine who later dies in the Rogue Squadron attack on the Death Star. George Lucas edited in a few scenes of Biggs into the Special Edition re-releases. Much to the befuddlement of fans Lucas has made considerable efforts to revise the original Star Wars movies with unnecessary CGI effects that mostly cheapen and degrade the movies. There also exists a panoply of colorful alien languages in the film: the language of the Jawas is actually Zulu electronically sped up, and Greedo’s language is Quechua, an indigenous South American language. Many of the props in the movie, such as Luke’s lightsaber and the exterior of the Millennium Falcon were constructed with trash from a dump. During filming, Lucas was widely known by the cast and crew for delivering only two directional cues “faster” and “more intense.”
When adjusted for inflation, Star Wars (later categorized as the fourth episode in the series) is the second highest grossing film of all time, second to Gone With The Wind. It was an unprecedented blockbuster hit at the time, especially for a science-fiction film. It debuted in around 32 theaters, but became a runaway smash success with demand growth all over the world. Around the time of completing Star Wars, Lucas paid a visit to the set for Spielberg’s Close Encounters of the Third Kind. Lucas believed Spielberg’s science fiction film would be the bigger hit. They took a bet, with each receiving 2.5% of the profits from each other’s films and Spielberg still receives a percentage. of the profits for Star Wars to this day.
Perhaps it need not be said, but Star Wars is an incredibly vast imagined galaxy –it presents a vivid sense of realism (an immaculate reality”) in a world filled with junk dealers, broken down equipment, and scum and villainy. Filmed like a classic epic, Star Wars contains a mix of vintage cinematic tropes like samurai sword fights a la Akira Kurasawa (with futuristic light sabers), cowboy-westerns, pirates (like Han Solo, whose character is loosely based on Lucas’s friend Francis Ford Coppola), and Arthurian heroes like Luke Skywalker (his famous scene of swinging brings to mind Errol Flynn, Robin Hood, Tarzan, and Zorro influences) and Luke is trained by a wise old sage (Obi-Wan Kenobi) appropriately played by Sir Alec Guinness. At the time, Star Wars was a tremendous risk for George Lucas and it paid off in the most unexpected of ways. I sometimes wonder what it would have been like to see Star Wars in theaters for the first time in 1977. Amazingly, George Lucas was so sure this movie would flop, instead of attending the film’s premiere, he departed on vacation to Hawaii with his good friend Steven Spielberg. While there, they both came up with the idea for a new movie, Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981).
Return to my survey of the Star Wars series
Credits:
- Directed by: George Lucas
- Written by: George Lucas
- Produced by: Gary Kurtz
- Starring:
- Mark Hamill…..Luke Skywalker
- Harrison Ford…..Han Solo
- Carrie Fisher…..Princess Leia Organa
- Peter Cushing…..Grand Moff Tarkin
- Alec Guinness…..Obi-Wan Kenobi
- Anthony Daniels…..Threepio (C-3PO), a humanoid protocol droid
- Kenny Baker…..Artoo Detoo (R2-D2), an astromech droid
- Peter Mayhew…..Chewbacca
- David Prowse and James Earl Jones (voice) as Darth Vader
- Cinematography: Gilbert Taylor
- Edited by: Paul Hirsch, Marcia Lucas, Richard Chew
- Music by: John Williams
- Production Company: Lucasfilm Ltd.
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